{"id":17460,"date":"2022-06-17T13:54:07","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T17:54:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.edilex.com\/?p=17460"},"modified":"2026-05-08T10:30:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T14:30:51","slug":"lavenir-de-la-reglementation-de-lia-au-canada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edilex.com\/fr\/blog\/2022\/06\/17\/lavenir-de-la-reglementation-de-lia-au-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019avenir de la r\u00e9glementation de l\u2019IA au Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"

Au fil des ans, l\u2019intelligence artificielle (ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u2009IA\u2009\u00bb) a ouvert la voie \u00e0 des avanc\u00e9es technologiques, voire futuristes, pour faciliter la vie quotidienne. Des smartphones aux voitures \u00e0 conduite autonome, on consid\u00e8re l’IA comme la technologie de pointe en mati\u00e8re d’innovation.<\/p>\n

Les droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle (ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u2009PI\u2009\u00bb)<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Pour prot\u00e9ger leurs nouvelles avanc\u00e9es, les parties concern\u00e9es, comme les entreprises, les organismes de recherche et les universit\u00e9s, se sont tourn\u00e9es vers les droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle (ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u2009PI\u2009\u00bb) pour les aider \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger leurs nouvelles technologies. Alors que la communaut\u00e9 internationale s\u2019efforce de faire progresser les lois sur la PI relatives \u00e0 l\u2019IA, l\u2019une des questions les plus importantes est de savoir si, et comment, la PI peut prot\u00e9ger l\u2019IA et ses sous-produits. De nombreuses questions se posent lorsque l\u2019IA est la force cr\u00e9atrice de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle, car cette question n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 abord\u00e9e explicitement dans les lois sur la PI au Canada ou ailleurs dans le monde. En 2021, plusieurs nouveaux d\u00e9veloppements ont eu lieu pour d\u00e9terminer si une entit\u00e9 non humaine pouvait \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un inventeur dans le cadre de divers r\u00e9gimes de brevets. Auparavant, les offices des brevets avaient conclu que l\u2019IA ne pouvait pas \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un inventeur. Toutefois, dans la d\u00e9cision rendue en 2021 sur la demande de brevet du Dr<\/sup> Stephen Thaler, qui d\u00e9signait comme inventeur un syst\u00e8me d\u2019IA appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u2009DABUS\u2009\u00bb, un tribunal australien a estim\u00e9 qu\u2019un \u00ab\u2009inventeur\u2009\u00bb non humain n\u2019\u00e9tait pas incompatible avec la qualit\u00e9 d\u2019inventeur en vertu du droit australien. De m\u00eame, l\u2019Afrique du Sud a d\u00e9livr\u00e9 un brevet d\u00e9signant un syst\u00e8me d\u2019IA comme inventeur.[1]<\/a> On s\u2019est demand\u00e9 si cette tendance allait se poursuivre, mais dans le dossier \u00ab\u2009DABUS\u2009\u00bb, l\u2019Office europ\u00e9en des brevets a confirm\u00e9 qu\u2019un inventeur d\u00e9sign\u00e9 dans une demande de brevet doit \u00eatre un \u00eatre humain au sens de la Convention sur le brevet europ\u00e9en. Pour les pays qui adh\u00e8rent \u00e0 la Convention sur le brevet europ\u00e9en, cette d\u00e9cision pose les bases selon lesquelles les programmes d\u2019ordinateur ne seront pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des objets brevetables.<\/p>\n

La Loi sur les brevets au Canada<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Au Canada, la Loi sur les brevets<\/em>[2]<\/a> pr\u00e9voit qu\u2019un brevet ne peut \u00eatre accord\u00e9 que pour la \u00ab\u2009r\u00e9alisation physique d\u2019une id\u00e9e\u2009\u00bb\u2009; par cons\u00e9quent, les programmes d\u2019ordinateur ne sont pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des objets brevetables. Cependant, les tribunaux canadiens n\u2019ont pas encore examin\u00e9 explicitement si une invention g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par un non-humain est, en fait, brevetable. Malgr\u00e9 le manque de clart\u00e9 de la d\u00e9finition d\u2019un \u00ab\u2009inventeur\u2009\u00bb, la Loi sur les brevets ne limite pas, \u00e0 premi\u00e8re vue, qui peut \u00eatre un inventeur. Toutefois, les tribunaux canadiens ont traditionnellement conclu que l\u2019inventeur doit \u00eatre une personne physique qui exerce ses comp\u00e9tences et son jugement dans la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019\u0153uvre. Il se peut que les tribunaux canadiens ne tardent pas \u00e0 rendre une d\u00e9cision d\u00e9finitive sur cette question, car la demande de brevet DABUS no<\/sup> 3,137,161 susmentionn\u00e9e, correspondant au trait\u00e9 de coop\u00e9ration en mati\u00e8re de brevets de Thaler, est actuellement en instance devant l\u2019Office de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle du Canada (ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u2009OPIC\u2009\u00bb).<\/p>\n

La position de l’OPIC<\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u2019OPIC a adopt\u00e9 la position suivante\u00a0: en vertu de l\u2019article\u00a027(4) de la Loi sur les brevets<\/em>, une demande de brevet doit \u00eatre d\u00e9pos\u00e9e par un inventeur ou le repr\u00e9sentant l\u00e9gal de l\u2019inventeur, l\u2019inventeur doit \u00eatre identifi\u00e9 et le demandeur doit d\u00e9poser une d\u00e9claration de droits. L\u2019Office a \u00e9mis un avis de non-conformit\u00e9 pour DABUS, indiquant que \u00ab\u2009l\u2019inventeur est une machine et il ne semble pas possible pour une machine d\u2019avoir des droits en vertu de la loi canadienne ou de transf\u00e9rer ces droits \u00e0 un humain.\u2009\u00bb Il a maintenant demand\u00e9 que le demandeur \u00ab\u2009[\u2026] puisse tenter de se conformer en soumettant une d\u00e9claration au nom de la machine IA et en s\u2019identifiant, dans ladite d\u00e9claration, comme le repr\u00e9sentant l\u00e9gal de la machine.\u2009\u00bb Ainsi, il semble que l\u2019OPIC ne soit pas ferm\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019une machine d\u2019IA puisse \u00eatre inscrite comme inventeur si le demandeur est un humain. Cependant, il demeure incertain comment le demandeur humain serait, en fait, le \u00ab\u2009repr\u00e9sentant l\u00e9gal de la machine IA\u2009\u00bb, et comment la machine pourrait transf\u00e9rer les droits d\u2019invention au demandeur humain.<\/p>\n

En conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n

En bref, l\u2019IA remet en question les concepts et principes juridiques \u00e9tablis. Par cons\u00e9quent, nous devons nous attendre \u00e0 voir des r\u00e9formes l\u00e9gislatives et des d\u00e9cisions judiciaires qui cr\u00e9eront de nouvelles exigences juridiques pour encadrer l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019IA et de ses produits.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> Comme nous l\u2019avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9voqu\u00e9 dans un pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent blogue\u00a0: https:\/\/www.edilex.com\/2021\/10\/08\/quand-linvention-devient-linventeur\/<\/a> [2]<\/a> Loi sur les brevets <\/em>(L.R.C. (1985), ch. P\u00a0-4).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Au fil des ans, l\u2019intelligence artificielle (ci-apr\u00e8s \u00ab\u2009IA\u2009\u00bb) a ouvert la voie \u00e0 des avanc\u00e9es technologiques, voire futuristes, pour faciliter la vie […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":46408,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-innovations-juridiques"],"yoast_head":"\nEdilex - L\u2019avenir de la r\u00e9glementation de l\u2019IA au Canada<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Au fil des ans, l'IA\u2009a ouvert la voie \u00e0 des avanc\u00e9es technologiques, voire futuristes, pour faciliter la vie quotidienne. 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