{"id":20476,"date":"2022-10-06T09:55:48","date_gmt":"2022-10-06T13:55:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.edilex.com\/?p=20476"},"modified":"2026-04-16T08:29:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-16T12:29:09","slug":"libelle-des-contrats-interpretation-des-clauses-relatives-aux-efforts-dans-les-contrats-en-common-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edilex.com\/fr\/blog\/2022\/10\/06\/libelle-des-contrats-interpretation-des-clauses-relatives-aux-efforts-dans-les-contrats-en-common-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Libell\u00e9 des contrats \u2014 Interpr\u00e9tation des clauses relatives aux \u00ab\u2009efforts\u2009\u00bb dans les contrats en Common Law"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lors d\u2019une r\u00e9cente tentative de renouvellement de son contrat d\u2019athl\u00e8te, un pilote de bobsleigh canadien s\u2019est retrouv\u00e9 sans financement en raison d\u2019un diff\u00e9rend sur les termes de son contrat[1]<\/a>. Les athl\u00e8tes sont tenus de signer une entente avec leur organisme national de sport (ONS) avant de pouvoir recevoir des fonds f\u00e9d\u00e9raux. Cependant, pr\u00e9occup\u00e9 par le libell\u00e9 des obligations des parties, qui \u00e9taient d\u00e9finies comme suit\u00a0: l\u2019ONS doit faire des \u00ab\u2009efforts raisonnables pour\u2009\u00bb et l\u2019athl\u00e8te doit d\u00e9ployer ses \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts pour\u2009\u00bb, l\u2019athl\u00e8te a choisi de ne pas signer l\u2019accord, car il trouvait qu\u2019il y avait trop de d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre entre les obligations des parties.<\/p>\n

Au fil des ans, les termes \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb (best efforts<\/em>), \u00ab\u2009efforts raisonnables\u2009\u00bb (reasonable efforts<\/em>) et, plus r\u00e9cemment, \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts commercialement raisonnables\u2009\u00bb (commercially reasonable best efforts<\/em>) fr\u00e9quemment utilis\u00e9s en Common Law, ont fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation judiciaire consid\u00e9rable par les tribunaux canadiens. Bien que l\u2019on puisse pr\u00e9sumer que le choix de terme parmi ces diff\u00e9rentes d\u00e9clinaisons est sans cons\u00e9quence, du point de vue juridique, il existe une diff\u00e9rence importante entre la norme applicable \u00e0 chacun. Alors que le terme \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb a \u00e9t\u00e9 interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re assez constante, la norme pour d\u2019autres termes couramment utilis\u00e9s, comme \u00ab\u2009efforts raisonnables\u2009\u00bb ou \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts commercialement raisonnables\u2009\u00bb, a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par les faits particuliers des cas en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les tribunaux ont \u00e9tabli que l\u2019obligation de faire les \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb impose une norme plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que certaines de ses autres expressions homologues que l\u2019on trouve couramment dans les contrats.<\/p>\n

Plongeons dans le vif du sujet et voyons comment les tribunaux ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 ces termes\u00a0:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Les meilleurs efforts<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    L\u2019arr\u00eat de principe sur l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de l\u2019expression \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb est Atmospheric Diving Systems Inc.<\/em>[2]<\/a> dans lequel la norme a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crite comme suit\u00a0:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. L\u2019expression \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb impose une obligation plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e qu\u2019un \u00ab\u2009effort raisonnable\u2009\u00bb.<\/li>\n
    2. L\u2019expression \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb signifie prendre, de bonne foi, toutes les mesures raisonnables pour atteindre l\u2019objectif, mener le processus jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa conclusion logique et ne n\u00e9gliger aucune piste. Toutefois, cela n\u2019exige pas qu\u2019une partie se sacrifie totalement aux int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques de la partie \u00e0 laquelle l\u2019obligation est due, bien que les int\u00e9r\u00eats de l\u2019autre partie doivent avoir pr\u00e9s\u00e9ance[3]<\/a>.<\/li>\n
    3. Les \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb comprennent le fait de faire tout ce que l\u2019on sait \u00eatre habituel, n\u00e9cessaire et appropri\u00e9 pour assurer le succ\u00e8s du projet.<\/li>\n
    4. Le sens de l\u2019expression \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb n\u2019est toutefois pas illimit\u00e9. Il doit \u00eatre abord\u00e9 \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re du contrat particulier, des parties au contrat et de l\u2019objectif global du contrat tel qu\u2019il est refl\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son libell\u00e9.<\/li>\n
    5. Si les \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb du d\u00e9fendeur doivent \u00eatre soumis \u00e0 des obligations primordiales telles que l\u2019honn\u00eatet\u00e9 et la loyaut\u00e9, il n\u2019est pas n\u00e9cessaire pour le demandeur de prouver que le d\u00e9fendeur a agi de mauvaise foi.<\/li>\n
    6. La preuve d\u2019une \u00ab\u2009d\u00e9faillance in\u00e9vitable\u2009\u00bb (\u00ab\u2009inevitable failure<\/em>\u2009\u00bb) est pertinente pour la question de la causalit\u00e9 du dommage, mais pas pour la question de la responsabilit\u00e9. Il incombe au d\u00e9fendeur d\u2019\u00e9tablir que l\u2019\u00e9chec \u00e9tait in\u00e9vitable, que ce dernier ait d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 ou non ses \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb.<\/li>\n
    7. La preuve que le d\u00e9fendeur, s\u2019il avait agi avec prudence et diligence, aurait pu satisfaire au crit\u00e8re des \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb, est une preuve pertinente pour soutenir que le d\u00e9fendeur n\u2019a pas utilis\u00e9 ses meilleurs efforts.<\/li>\n
    8. De simples efforts raisonnables ne suffiront pas \u00e0 satisfaire au crit\u00e8re des \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb. Des efforts occasionnels ne suffisent pas non plus. Un niveau d\u2019effort plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 est requis.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Cela signifie que les \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb n\u2019exigent pas qu\u2019une partie \u00ab\u2009se sacrifie totalement\u2009\u00bb aux int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques de l\u2019autre partie, mais que les int\u00e9r\u00eats de l\u2019autre partie doivent \u00eatre prioritaires.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Efforts raisonnables ou efforts commercialement raisonnables <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les termes \u00ab\u2009efforts raisonnables\u2009\u00bb et \u00ab\u2009efforts commercialement raisonnables\u2009\u00bb ont \u00e9t\u00e9 interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re interchangeable. Les tribunaux canadiens ont estim\u00e9 que le terme \u00ab\u2009raisonnable\u2009\u00bb fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 un \u00ab\u2009jugement s\u00fbr\u2009\u00bb, et que le terme \u00ab\u2009commercial\u2009\u00bb signifie \u00ab\u2009ayant comme objectif principal un profit ou un gain financier\u2009\u00bb plut\u00f4t qu\u2019une perte. Cela sugg\u00e8re que, contrairement \u00e0 une obligation de \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb, la norme des efforts commerciaux raisonnables permet \u00e0 une partie de consid\u00e9rer, de fa\u00e7on raisonnable, ses propres int\u00e9r\u00eats financiers pour d\u00e9cider du moment \u00e0 partir duquel elle peut cesser ses efforts.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Les meilleurs efforts commercialement raisonnables<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 tout r\u00e9cemment, l\u2019expression \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts commercialement raisonnables\u2009\u00bb n\u2019a gu\u00e8re \u00e9t\u00e9 examin\u00e9e par les tribunaux de Common Law. Cependant, dans la r\u00e9cente affaire Sutter Hill[4]<\/a>, la Cour d\u2019appel de la Colombie-Britannique a donn\u00e9 quelques indications sur sa signification, concluant que l\u2019intention des parties se situait quelque part entre \u00ab\u2009efforts commercialement raisonnables\u2009\u00bb et \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts\u2009\u00bb.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Malgr\u00e9 certaines clarifications, une grande incertitude demeure quant \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont les tribunaux de Common Law traitent les clauses d\u2019\u00ab\u2009efforts raisonnables\u2009\u00bb ou de \u00ab\u2009meilleurs efforts commercialement raisonnables\u2009\u00bb dans les contrats, bien qu\u2019il soit clair qu\u2019un poids important est accord\u00e9 aux faits particuliers de chaque affaire. D\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, cependant, la norme du \u00ab\u2009meilleur effort\u2009\u00bb impose des obligations on\u00e9reuses, tout en offrant une certaine certitude quant au degr\u00e9 d\u2019effort requis.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          [1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/sports\/olympics\/winter\/bobsleigh\/bobsleigh-skeleton-chris-spring-without-funding-1.6550232<\/a> (disponible en anglais seulement).<\/p>\n

          [2]<\/a> Atmospheric Diving Systems Inc.<\/em> v. International Hard Suits Inc.<\/em>, (1994) 89 B.C.L.R. (2d) 356 (B.C. S.C.).<\/p>\n

          [3]<\/a> Eastwalsh Homes Ltd.<\/em> v. Anatal Developments Ltd.<\/em>, 1993 CanLII 3431 (ON CA).<\/p>\n

          [4]<\/a> Sutter Hill Management Corporation<\/em> v. Mpire Capital Corporation<\/em>, 2022 BCCA 13.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Lors d\u2019une r\u00e9cente tentative de renouvellement de son contrat d\u2019athl\u00e8te, un pilote de bobsleigh canadien s\u2019est retrouv\u00e9 sans financement en raison d\u2019un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":45897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-innovations-juridiques"],"yoast_head":"\nContrat Common Law- Interpr\u00e9tation des clauses<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Contrat Common Law : Lors d\u2019une r\u00e9cente tentative de renouvellement de son contrat d\u2019athl\u00e8te, un pilote de bobsleigh canadien s\u2019est...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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